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  3. Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d

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问题     Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
    Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
    Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. " Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
    Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
    What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
    Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as are commendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
Which of the following statement CANNOT prove the universality of facial expressions?
选项 A、People use the same facial expressions when smiling.
B、People from other cultures can easily recognize the facial expressions with similar meaning.
C、Some expressions are more intense in one culture than in the other.
D、People have similar response to the same story.
答案C
解析 事实细节题。第一段第二句提到，许多情绪的表达具有普遍性；接着第三句以微笑举例，说明微笑普遍表示友好和赞同。由此可知，A项正确，故排除。第二段第二句提到，不同文化背景的人能通过面部表情识别情绪，接着以保罗.埃克曼的研究为例进行说明。B项表述正确，故排除。第二段第六句指出，富尔人几乎没有接触过西方文化；接着第七句讲到，如果是故事中需要基本情感反应的角色，他们会如何反应时，富尔人也会表现出熟悉的表情，D项表述正确，故排除。第二段最后两句提到，艾克曼对于十种文化的研究也获得了类似的结果，即在不同的文化中，面部表情具有普遍的相似性。C项与原文表述不符，本题为选非题，故C项为答案。
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