2. 外语
  3. Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this 【C1】______,

Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this 【C1】______,

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问题     Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this 【C1】______, every group has a culture, 【C2】______undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the anthropologist, there is no【C3】______of one culture over another, just as to the linguist there is no hierarchy among languages.
    People once saw the languages of backward groups as【C4】______, undeveloped forms of speech,【C5】______ largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general 【C6】______ as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact【C7】______ by the study of " backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description. Most languages of uncivilized groups are,【C8】______ our most severe standards, extremely complex and【C9】______pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall【C10】______ our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all languages needs,【C11】______only in their vocabularies.
    Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted; First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary【C12】______, either by putting together words already in 【C13】______or by borrowing them from other languages and【C14】______them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in " backward " languages,【C15】______ different from ours, are often surprisingly 【C16】______ and complicated. A western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person【C17】______, or removed from both, or out of【C18】______, or in the past, or in the future.
    This study of language,【C19】______, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of【C20】______or hierarchy.
【C7】
选项 A、created
B、built
C、established
D、framed
答案C
解析 动词辨析题。句意为：对“落后”语言的研究证明，现在没有一门口头语言符合这种描述。选项中只有establish可以表示“证明，证实”，所以[C]是答案。
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