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  3. All of the 2019 Nobel Prizes in science were awarded to men. That’s a return to business as usual, after biochemical engineer Fr

All of the 2019 Nobel Prizes in science were awarded to men. That’s a return to business as usual, after biochemical engineer Fr

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问题         All of the 2019 Nobel Prizes in science were awarded to men. That’s a return to business as usual, after biochemical engineer Frances Arnold won in 2018, for chemistry, and Donna Strickland received the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics.
        Strickland was only the third female physicist to get a Nobel following Marie Curie in 1903 and Maria Goeppert-Mayer 60 years later. When asked how that felt, she noted that at first it was surprising to realize so few women had won the award, "But, I mean, I do live in a world of mostly men, so seeing mostly men doesn’t really ever surprise me either."
        The rarity of female Nobel laureates raises questions about women’s exclusion from education and careers in science. Female researchers have come a long way over the past century. But there’s overwhelming evidence that women remain underrepresented in the STEM fields of science, technology, engineering and math.
        Studies have shown those who persist in these careers face explicit and implicit barriers to advancement. Bias is most intense in fields that are predominantly male where women lack a critical mass of representation and are often viewed as tokens or outsiders.
        Traditional stereotypes hold that women "don’t like math" and "aren’t good at science." Both men and women report these viewpoints, but researchers have empirically disputed them. Studies show that girls and women avoid STEM education not because of cognitive inability, but because of early exposure and experience with STEM, educational policy, cultural context, stereotypes and a lack of exposure to role models.
        For the past several decades, efforts to improve the representation of women in STEM fields have focused on countering these stereotypes with educational reforms and individual programs that can increase the number of girls entering and staying in what’s been called the STEM pipeline—the path from K-12 to college to postgraduate training.
        These approaches are working. Women are increasingly likely to express an interest in STEM careers and pursue STEM majors in college. Women now make up half or more of workers in psychology and social sciences and are increasingly represented in the scientific workforce, though computer and mathematical sciences are an exception.
        More women are graduating with STEM Ph. D. s and earning faculty positions. But they encounter glass cliffs and ceilings as they advance through their academic careers. They face a number of structural and institutional barriers in academic STEM careers.
        In addition to issues related to the gender pay gap, the structure of academic science often makes it difficult for women to get ahead in the workplace and to balance work and life commitments. Bench science can require years of dedicated time in a laboratory. The strictures of the tenure-track process can make maintaining work-life balance, responding to family obligations, and having children or taking family leave difficult, if not impossible.
Why does the author think that bias is most serious in fields where there are mostly men?
选项 A、Because women in these fields do not have women role models.
B、Because these fields need more men who has more power and more expertise.
C、Because men in these fields usually have higher positions.
D、Because there aren’t enough women that can stand up for themselves in the group.
答案D
解析 细节题。题干：为什么作者认为偏见在男性居多的领域最为严重? 根据题干关键词“bias”定位到文章第四段中的“Bias is most intense in fields that are predominantly male where women lack a critical mass of representation and are often viewed as tokens or outsiders.(偏见在以男性为主的领域最为强烈，在这些领域，女性代表没有达到临界数量，通常被视为象征或局外人)”。理解此句话的关键在于critical mass“临界数量”，临界数量指的是达到一定的数量能使某事发生或继续，所以本句话是说在这些女性代表数量不足、男性占主导的领域，偏见会更加强烈，故D项“因为在这些群体中，女性代表数量不足以至于她们不能捍卫自己”正确。A项“因为这些领域的女性没有女性榜样”，B项“因为这些领域需要更多拥有更多权力和专业知识的男性”和C项“因为通常在这些领域男性的地位更高”在文章中均没有提及，故排除。故本题选D。
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