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  3. Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits

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问题     Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
" There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits, " said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. "We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically"
    The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
    If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners , fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
    A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
    " Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns, " said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. " Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable. "
    Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap_________.
选项 A、should be further cultivated
B、should be changed gradually
C、are deeply rooted in history
D、are basically private concerns
答案A
解析 本题考查考生根据细节信息进行推理判断的能力。文章第二段中，Curtis博士指出手弄脏了却不用肥皂清洗是公共卫生基本问题之一，如果不能找到改变人们不良习惯的方法，这类问题甚至可以致人死亡，他希望能够向私营企业界学习如何帮助人们培养自发行为习惯的方法。根据这些细节可以推断出，在Curtis博士看来，用肥皂洗手的习惯是需要培养的。选项[A]含义为洗手的习惯“应当进一步培养”，因此是本题正确答案。选项[B]的含义为“需要逐渐改变”，从文章的细节并不能做出这个推论；选项[C]所说的“在历史上就根深蒂固”同本文细节显示的事实相反；选项[D]的含义为“基本上属于个人关注的问题”，也无法根据文章细节推断出来。
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