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  3. From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put

admin2020-11-04  91
问题    From getting into a taxi to asking a fellow train passenger to keep an eye on your luggage while buying a coffee, we’ve all put our trust in those we do not know. Now researchers have revealed that strangers are more likely to be trusted if they look like someone who has earned your trust before—and more likely to be distrusted if they resemble someone who has betrayed your faith in them.
   While previous research has shown how people can learn whether others are trustworthy over time, the team say it was unclear how an initial judgment is made about whether to trust or cooperate with someone. "What we wanted to figure out was what happens when you come across somebody for the first time," said Dr. Oriel FeldmanHall, co-author of the research and a social neuroscientist from Brown University.
   A team of researchers in the US reveal how they asked 29 participants to either keep $10 or invest all— or part—of it with one of three men they did not know but whose photographs they were shown. The team then carried out a second experiment in which participants were asked to pick a partner for a new game: either a player whose face they couldn’t see, or a player whose face they were shown in a photograph.
   The results reveal that the more a possible player looked like the trusted individual from the previous game, the more likely participants were to select them as their partner for the next task, while an even stronger negative effect was found for those who resembled the untrustworthy man in the initial game. Just over 68% of participants turned down the pictured player if he bore any resemblance to the untrustworthy man.
   FeldmanHall noted the findings are similar to the seminal (开创性的) experiments in which Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s dogs learned to associate the sound of a certain bell with food. "If Pavlov would ring a similar type of bell, the dog would also salivate—it would just salivate a little bit less," said FeldmanHall.
   The team then carried out the same experiments with 28 new participants, while fMRI brain scanning took place. Among their findings, the team discovered that as the image of the potential candidate was tweaked to look more like the untrustworthy player of the initial game, activity in the amygdala (杏仁体) — an area of the brain linked to processing threat—became stronger.
   Antonio Espin, a behavioural economist from Middlesex University, London, said the study’s implications could be wide-ranging. "Interestingly, since the main reason for facial similarity is shared genes, the study not only advances our understanding of why we trust or distrust specific strangers but also has broader implications, for example, for ethnic or racial discrimination and in the evolutionary arena of partner selection. "
Petrovich Pavlov’s experiment serves as an example to______.
选项 A、explain what the new study indicates
B、emphasize the ground-breaking novelty of the new study
C、illustrate how similarly people and animals react to stimuli
D、complement the theoretical basis of the new study
答案A
解析 推理判断题。本题考查作者引用巴普洛夫实验的用意。由定位段可知，巴普洛夫的实验是让狗学着将特定的铃声与食物相联系，而文章介绍的新研究也发现实验参与者会在特定的外貌与是否值得信任之间建立联系，作者在详细介绍了新研究的过程与结果之后提及巴普洛夫的实验，又提到菲尔曼霍尔认为新研究的发现与巴普洛夫的实验相似，可见作者想要借此进一步说明新研究发现的意义，故A)为答案。B)“强调新研究的开创性意义”，原文只提到巴普洛夫的实验具有开创性意义，并未对新研究做出这种评价，故排除；C)“解释人类和动物对刺激的反应的相似性”与原文的主题不符，故排除；D)“补充说明新研究的理论基础”，文章中并没有涉及理论依据的问题，故排除。
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