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  3. Urban life has always embraced a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stresses; its motivating force is, i

Urban life has always embraced a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stresses; its motivating force is, i

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问题    Urban life has always embraced a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stresses; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition, and competition is stressful; it is often at its most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of a huge number of people inevitably involves more conflict, more travelling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity of urban life, but today’s convenience of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has direct relationship to the size of communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.
   As a defense against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contacts with other people are generally made brief and impersonal; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journeys outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the individual; for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behaviour are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’ s concern for its members. Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the misfortunes of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.
   Inner regions of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are then geographically trapped because so much economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.
   Present-day architecture and planning have enormously worsened the human problems of urban life. Old-established neighbourhoods have been ruthlessly swept away, by both public and private organizations, usually to be replaced by high, ugly, impersonal structures. People have been forced to leave their familiar homes, usually to be rehoused in tower blocks which are drab, inconvenient, and fail to provide any setting for human interaction or support. This destruction of established social structure is the worst possible approach to the difficulties of living in a town or city. Instead, every effort should be made to conserve the human scale of the environment, and to preserve familiar landmarks.
Architectural changes have affected city life by ______ .
选项 A、dispersing long-established communities
B、giving the individual a say in planning
C、forcing people to live on top of each other
D、making people move to the suburbs
答案A
解析 本题考查细节。从“Old-established neighbourhoods have been ruthlessly swept away”可知选A。
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