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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

admin2022-10-05  101
问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and childhood development done outside of a lab setting.
    In the study, researches found that the children who grew up with more process praise (comments such as "You worked really hard" or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions.) were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise (comments like "You’re so smart" or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities.) didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development.
    Another revelation from the study involved how praise affects boys and girls differently. Parents gave boys and girls the same amount of praise, but of the encouragement boys received, 24％ was process praise, while girls received only 10％ of this type. Previous research suggested this pattern, but Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, says she was surprised by how great the difference was. The inequality could have consequences for how girls evaluate their abilities as they progress in school and may play a role in aggravating some of the self-esteem issues that become more common among teens and adolescents.
    The findings send a clear message to parents. "The biggest takeaway is that parent praise matters," Dweck says. "The parents, even when the children are very young, are starting to shape the child’s motivation, the children’s attitudes toward themselves and their stance to the world." Not all praise, it seems, is equal.
According to Paragraph 5, which of the following is true of girls?
选项 A、Girls receive more process praise than boys.
B、Most parents are usually prejudiced against girls.
C、Girls receive less process praise than boys.
D、The self-esteem issue is uncommon among girls.
答案C
解析 根据题干可直接定位到第五段。该段第一句就提到表扬对男孩和女孩的影响存在差异，第二句对比了两者受到的process praise数量上的差异，从两个百分比数字(24％和10％)可以看出，女孩受到的行为表扬数量要低于男孩所受到的行为表扬数量，故C项为正确答案。A项与第五段第二句的表述相反，故可首先排除。B项仅为主观臆断，该段并未提及该信息，女孩受到process praise的数量少，原因并不在于父母对她们有偏见，故B项可排除。D项说的是自尊问题，只是在该段最后一句话有简单提及，从该句中定语从句的内容可知，自尊问题在青少年中均很常见，女孩也属于青少年，D项与文意相反。
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