2. 外语
  3. Babies’ Response For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things b

Babies’ Response For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things b

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问题                         Babies’ Response
    For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babies, and other creatures learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it also used to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights, and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make three turns to one side.     Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights close, although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights that pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there existed a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and brought it under intentional control.
In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to______.
选项 A、have the lights turned on
B、please their parents
C、be rewarded with milk
D、be praised
答案A
解析 本题考查考生对细节的把握。考的是婴儿做出学会的头部动作是为了什么。本题的线索在文章第三段最后一句话：He quickly found that children as young as four months old would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights. 可见，婴儿做出学会的头部动作是为了让灯打开。选项C指出：为了得到牛奶回报，与原文不符，因为该实验是在没有牛奶的前提下所做的，选项B让其父母高兴和选项D被表扬文中都未提及。所以，正确答案是A。
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