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  3. One criticism levelled at such studies is that it is difficult to tell if mobile phones are promoting growth, or growth is promo

One criticism levelled at such studies is that it is difficult to tell if mobile phones are promoting growth, or growth is promo

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问题     One criticism levelled at such studies is that it is difficult to tell if mobile phones are promoting growth, or growth is promoting the adoption of mobile phones, as people become able to afford them. It is easy to imagine ways in which mobile phones could stimulate economic activity-- they make up for poor infrastructure by substituting for travel, allow price data to be distributed and enable traders to engage with wider markets, and so on.
   Furthermore, phones do this without the need for government intervention.  Mobile phone networks are built by private companies, not governments or charities, and are economically self-sustaining. Mobile operators build and run them because they make a profit doing so, and fishermen, carpenters and porters are willing to pay for the service because it increases their profits. The resulting welfare gains are indicated by the profitability of both the operators and their customers.  All governments have to do is to issue licenses to operators, establish a clear and transparent regulatory framework and then wait for the phones to work their economic magic.
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答案 针对这类研究的一种批评观点认为，很难分清究竟是移动电话促进了经济增长，还是经济增长导致购买力增强，从而推动移动电话的普及。不难想像，移动电话可以通过多种方式刺激经济行为，比如，有了移动电话，人们就无需再四处奔波，从而弥补了基础设施的不足；移动电话可以用来传递价格信息，从而使交易者可以参与到更大的市场当中等。 而且，电话无需政府干预就能起到以上作用。移动电话网络由私营公司而非政府或慈善机构搭建，自负盈亏。移动运营商之所以搭建并经营这些网络，是因为其中有利可图，而渔民、木匠和搬运工也愿意为此付费，因为他们也可由此获得更多利润。运营商与客户双方的盈利水平，显示由此带来的福利收益多少。政府只需要向运营商发放牌照并建立清晰透明的管理制度，然后静候电话在经济领域内大显神通就行了。
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