2. 外语
  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "

admin2012-05-17  96
问题     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"；and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
In Papousek’s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to
选项 A、have the lights turned on
B、be rewarded with milk
C、please their parents
D、be praised
答案A
解析 推理判断题。Papousek做了一个实验，假若没给孩子牛奶，孩子会有什么反映呢?第三段的第四句: Hequickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left ifthe movement"switched on" a display of lights…(他很快发现如果给孩子打开灯的话，仅仅四个月大的孩子们就会把头转向左边或右边……)，因此选A，婴儿们希望打开灯。
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大学英语四级

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