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  3. But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivory tower. Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate. Bu

But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivory tower. Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate. Bu

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问题     But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivory tower. Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate. But there are. at least, some well-formed hypotheses.【F1】What these hypotheses have in common is that they rely not on Spencer’s idea of individual competition, but on social interaction. That interaction is. indeed, sometimes confrontational and occasionally bloody. But it is frequently collaborative, and even when it is not. it is more often manipulative than violent.
    Modern Darwinism’s big breakthrough was the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution. People who are related collaborate on the basis of nepotism.【F2】It takes outrageous profit or provocation for someone to do down a relative with whom they share a lot of genes. Trust, though. allows the unrelated to collaborate, by keeping score of who docs what when, and punishing cheats.
    Very few animals can manage this. Indeed, outside the primates, only vampire bats have been shown to trust non relatives routinely.【F3】(Well-fed bats will give some of the blood they have swallowed to hungry neighbours, but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry and will deny favours to those who have cheated in the past.)【F4】The human mind, however, seems to have evolved the trick of being able to identify a large number of individuals and to keep score of its relations with them, delecting the dishonest or greedy and taking vengeance, even at some cost to itself. This process may even be—as Matt Ridley, who wrote for this newspaper a century and a half after Spencer, described it—the origin of virtue.
    The new social Darwinists(those who see society itself, rather than the savannah or the jungle, as the "natural" environment in which humanity is evolving and to which natural selection responds)have not abandoned Spencer altogether, of course. But they have put a new spin on him. The ranking by wealth of which Spencer so approved is but one example of a wider tendency for people to try to out-do each other. And that competition, whether athletic, artistic or financial, does seem to be about genetic display.【F5】Unfakeable demonstrations of a superiority that has at least some underlying genetic component arc almost unfailingly attractive to the opposite sex. Thus both of the things needed to make an economy work, collaboration and competition, seem to have evolved under Charles Darwin ’ s penetrating gaze.
【F1】
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答案这些假说的共同点在于它们不是依赖斯宾塞有关个体之间竞争的观点，而是依赖社会交往互动。
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