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  3. Nearly all cultures have a version of the arrow of time, a process by which they move towards the future and away from the past.

Nearly all cultures have a version of the arrow of time, a process by which they move towards the future and away from the past.

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问题     Nearly all cultures have a version of the arrow of time, a process by which they move towards the future and away from the past. According to a paper to be published in Psychological Science this has an interesting psychological effect. A group of researchers, led by Eugene Caruso of the University of Chicago, found that people judge the distance of events differently, depending on whether they are in the past or future.
    The paper calls this the "Temporal Doppler Effect". In physics, the Doppler effect describes the way that waves change frequency depending on whether their source is traveling towards or away from you. Mr Caruso argues that something similar happens with people’s perception of time. Because future events are associated with diminishing distance, while those in the past are thought of as receding, something happening in one month feels psychologically closer than something that happened a month ago.
    This idea was tested in a series of experiments. In one, researchers asked 323 volunteers and divided them into two groups. A week before Valentine’s day, members of the first were asked how they planned to celebrate it. A week after February 14th the second group reported how they had celebrated it. Both groups also had to describe how near the day felt on a scale of one to seven. Those describing forthcoming plans were more likely to report it as feeling "a short time from now", while those who had already experienced it tended to cluster at the "a long time from now" end of the scale. To account for the risk that recalling actual events requires different cognitive functions than imagining ones that have not yet happened, they also asked participants to rate the distance of hypothetical events a month in the past or future. The asymmetry remained.
    Interestingly, the effect can be reversed by manipulating time’s arrow. In another experiment, participants were plugged into a virtual reality machine, with some moving forwards along a tree-lined street others backwards. Those who were moving backwards reported that past events began to feel closer.
    Mr Caruso speculates that his research has implications for psychological well-being. He suspects that people who do not show this bias—those who feel the past as being closer—might be more subject to depression, because they are more likely to dwell on past events. There may also be lessons for politicians and business leaders. Talking of future plans may be more effective than boasting about past successes. "People want to know what are you going to do for me next, not what have you done for me lately," suggests Mr Caruso.
It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that ________.
选项 A、Temporal Doppler effect can be altered through particular manipulation
B、people feel closer to past events when they are moving backwards
C、only in a virtual world can people reverse the Temporal Doppler effect
D、the arrow of time can be reversed by the Temporal Doppler effect
答案A
解析 根据题干定位到第四段。该段开头即提出本段大意：可以通过操纵时间之箭来逆转这一效应(the effect…time’s arrow)，此处的effect指代上文提到的Temporal Doppler effect，A项与此相符。B项曲解了第四段中的实验条件，实验中的条件是在模拟器中看到街道往后退，而非在现实中看到。C项过于绝对，且文章末段第二句提到有些人对过去的事件距离感更近，而这并非发生于虚拟世界。第四段第一句说时间多普勒效应可以通过控制time’s arrow来改变，D项颠倒了原文的主、客体。
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