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  3. In 1637 the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as human

In 1637 the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as human

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问题       In 1637 the French mathematician Rene Descartes predicted that it would never be possible to make a machine that thinks as humans do. In 1950, the British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a computer and a human hidden from view would be asked random identical questions. If the computer were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the per son by the answers.
     Inspired by Turing’s theory, the first conference on AI convened at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards and Al laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation’s leading Al proponents. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisp; but by the early 1990s Al itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decisions" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.
      Machinery can outperform humans physically. So, too, can computers outperform mental functions in limited areas--notably in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test. Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms. In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called parallel processing, performing operations simultaneously. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some supercomputers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.
      Critics of the approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding, something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on rules of logic, It involves perception, awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluation experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some proponents of Al have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.
      By the early 1990s, the closest approximation to Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal working of neurons in the human cerebral context. Unlike the conventional sillicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way human brain cell works.
What significance did Turing’s theory have on the development of Al?
选项 A、It started the research on Al.
B、It established the expert system.
C、It taught technicians how to use complicated programs.
D、It invented the A1 computer language.
答案A
解析 推理判断题。作者在第一段第二句提到Turing是计算机研究的先驱。他宣称总有一天会发明出在各方面都能模仿人的智能机器。第二段又提到在Tur ing理论的指导下，第一届人工智能大会召开，后面又谈到AI实验室的建立以及AI计算机语言的发明等。根据以上的事实推断，Turing理论的意义在于促使了人工智能的研究开端。故选项A是正确答案。
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