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  3. An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essent

An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essent

admin2010-09-25  71
问题     An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors, The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
     It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade union such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of Britain workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedure for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
     There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which mean that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members’ are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly paid jobs.
     Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop steward" in many unions, "shop steward" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.
According to the passage, considerable ______ in the trade union movement grow from the outdated and inefficient structure of the trade unions.
选项
答案strains and tensions
解析 题干将第三段首句的内容综合到了一起，其中grow from对应原文中的arising from。很显然，空中应填入strains and tensions，即因为工会的组织结构过时而没有效率，工会活动中常会滋生许多紧张情绪。
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