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  3. Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be cal

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be cal

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问题 Two modes of argumentation have been used on
behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies.
Arguments in what could be called the “relational”
feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in
(5) difference,” or equity as distinct for equality. They
posit that biological distinctions between the sexes
result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the
family and throughout society and that women’s pro-
creative labor is currently undervalued by society, to
(10) the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individual-
ist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights
and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy,
while downplaying the importance of gender roles and
minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant
(15) responsibilities.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views
coexisted within the feminist movement, often within
the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 nd
1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the
(20) dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still pre-
dominates among European and non-Western feminists,
lost ground in England and the United States. Because
the concept of individual rights was already well estab-
lished in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition,
(25) individualist feminism came to predominate in English-
speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the
two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcil-
able. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally
gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational
(30) feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and
economic opportunities outside the home should be avail-
able for all women, continued to emphasize women’s
special contributions to society as homemakers and
mothers; they demanded special treatment
(35) including protective legislation for women workers,
state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensa-
tion for housework.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because
they underline women’s physiological and psychological
(40) distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political
adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the
individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, deny-
ing the significance of physiological difference, and
condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly
(45) patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the
family roles important to many women. If the individu-
alist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy,
could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns
of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for con-
(50) temporary feminist politics could emerge.
选项 A、illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history
B、argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation.
C、explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries
D、help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.
E、account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries
答案D
解析 The best answer is D. In lines 18-26, the author states that relational feminism “lost ground” in English and the United States while individualist feminism came to predominate, as a result of the well-established concept of individual rights. Choice A is incorrect: lines 22-26 of the passage suggest that individualist feminism was influenced by broader trends in English legal and political tradition. Choice B can be eliminated: the passage does not suggest that feminism was part of the Anglo-Saxon tradition. Choice C is incorrect: individualist feminism is described in lines 18-26 of the passage as growing, not declining. Choice E is incorrect because, although individualist and relational feminists did have philosophical differences, the author does not mention the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to account for these differences.
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