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  3. 　　A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to hav

　　A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to hav

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问题 　　A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically "proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist, in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any "reason". I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refused any kind of social obligation.
　　This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think; our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.
　　However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless, from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it in the present capitalist system is not the case.
　　But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.  
What does the underlined phrase "these conditions" refer to in Para. 1?
选项 A、Guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence.
B、Unemployment, sickness and old age.
C、Everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist.
D、Everyone can claim the subsistence minimum without having to have any "reason".
答案B
解析 语义题。第一段第六行提到，西方的所有工业化国家都引进了保险制度，以保证人们在失业、疾病和衰老情况下的最低生活费。进一步说，即使这些情况目前都还没有存在，人们依然有权接受维持生活的方式。由此我们可以知道“these conditions”指代的是失业、疾病和衰老，B项符合题意。
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