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  3. In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

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问题     In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
    These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behavior by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It’s more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you’re a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.
    The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
    Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue, routine, reward. You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that’ll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
    Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neural networks inside. To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You’re trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
    This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
    If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.
What is the main implication of the research at Duke University?
选项 A、Habit is key to one’s behavior.
B、One’s behavior is difficult to change.
C、Both habit and will power are important.
D、Habit has an unidentified structure.
答案A
解析 本题关键词是Duke University，问题是杜克大学的研究主要说明了什么。可定位到第四段。根据第四段第二句，杜克大学的研究人员推算，我们超过40％的行为(more than 40 percent of the actions)是由习惯控制的(governed by habit)，而非实际的决定(not actual decisions)。由此可知，对人们的行为举止而言。习惯具有很重要的作用，因此选项A与原文属于相同含义，为正确答案。选项B和选项C属于无中生有，文中并没有提及“人的行为(behavior)很难改变(difficult to change)”，也没有提及“习惯(habit)和意志力(will power)都重要 (important)”。选项D属于正反混淆，根据第四段第三句，研究人员还逐渐弄清了(have come to understand)习惯的结构(the structure of habits)——暗示、日常活动、回报，由此可知，习惯的结构已经被研究人员确定了。第四段：我们的很多行为被无意识的习惯所引导，改变习惯需要新的暗示。
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