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  3. Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her n

Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her n

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问题     Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques, of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed a method to prevent the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured and subjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, interpretation, and display of statistics.
    Florence Nightingale’s two greatest life achievements-pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals-were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers.  It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics.
    During Nightingale’s time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nightingale’s calculations of the death rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the death rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated. When Nightingale’s sanitary reform was implemented, the death rate declined. Nightingale took her statistical data and represented them graphically.
    As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nightingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statistics.
What can be inferred about the women living in the same era as Nightingale?
选项 A、They chose to stay at home after graduating from colleges and universities.
B、They tended to choose courses in Italian, Latin, Greek, history and so on.
C、They seldom chose mathematics as their course.
D、They did not have a equal education opportunities with men as they do today.
答案D
解析 细节题；原文的第二段中有这样一句话women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers，指出了同时代的其他女性无法接受高等教育和寻求职业发展，D选项正确地认识到了这一点，是本题的答案。A选项忽略了她们不能接受高等教育的事实。B选项也是在默认她们接受高等教育的前提下提出的，这个前提本身就是有问题的，干扰性在于courses in Italian，Latin，Greek，history与原文的信息完全一致，我们需要知道的是，这些课程是同样进入大学接受高等教育的Nightingale的姐妹选择的课程。C选项的错误和B选项是一样的。
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