首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or d
admin
2011-01-02
86
问题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet" — wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward, the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for. handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response — as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intefise, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
选项
答案
D
解析
推断题。根据第三段,大部分人认为面部表情反映了人的情感状态,然而面部反应假说认为,面部肌肉传递的信息会反馈到大脑的情感中心,因此人的面部表情还会影响到他的情感状态。可见面部表情和相应的情感状态间的关系是双向的、互相影响的,故选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://www.kaotiyun.com/show/xLeO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Nowadaysthetelephoneplaysaveryimportantroleinourlife.Itmakesourlifemoreconvenient.How-ever,ithasitsdisadva
Americanthisyearwillswallow15,000tonsdrugsofaspirin,oneofsafestandmosteffectiveinventedbyman.
Americanthisyearwillswallow15,000tonsdrugsofaspirin,oneofsafestandmosteffectiveinventedbyman.
WhenthefirstwhitemanarrivedinSamoa,theyfoundblindmen,whocouldseewellenoughtodescribethingsindetailjustby
A、maketheparentsbeawareoftheimportanceofequalityinthefamily.B、makepeopleknowthatgirlsandboysshouldbetreate
Apartfromthemajorityofcountries,theU.K.has______toformthewholepartofitsconstitution.
TheDeathofaSpouseFormuchoftheworld,thedeathofRichardNixonwastheendofacomplexpubliclife.Butresearchers
TheAmericanTaxSystemGovernmentsraiserevenuesthroughtaxation,Ataxisa【1】______paymenttogovernment.IntheUnit
JonasFrisenhadhiseurekamomentin1997.Backthen,scientistssuspectedthattherewasaspecialtypeofcellinthebraint
Acommonresultofbeingfrustratedisanactofaggression,sometimesviolent.Tobealiveistohaveagoalandpursueit—an
随机试题
金融工具的特征。
主要用来测量人们对观念、事物或他人的感觉的量表是()
职能制组织结构形式的优点是实现了()
患者,女性,26岁。妊娠39周,在做产后乳房护理时,不正确的指导是
A.修复体与牙体完全密合B.修复体的轴壁不能与牙体完全密合C.修复体邻面接触点不能密合D.修复体强度较差E.修复体能恢复良好的天然牙锤造全冠的特点是
背景资料:某公司承接了某城市道路的改扩建工程。工程中包含一段长240m的新增路线(含下水道200m)和一段长220m的路面改造(含下水道200m),另需拆除一座旧的人行天桥,新建一座立交桥。工程位于城市繁华地带,建筑物多,地下管网密集,交通量大。
关于财务净现值率正确的叙述是( )。
某公司年终利润分配前的股东权益项目资料如下:公司股票的每股现行市价为35元,每股收益为3.5元。要求计算回答下述四个互不相关的问题:(1)计划按每10股送1股的方案发放股票股利,并按发放股票股利后的股数派发每股现金股利0.2元,股票股利的金额按现行
在对A公司2006年7月1日与U商业银行签订的借款合同及所涉及的财务会计规定遵循情况审计后,在出具的审计报告的意见段中使用了“在审计过程中我们发现,除了没有按照借款合同的规定随时保持不低于100万元价值的存货这一情况外,贵公司所有重大方面遵循了与U商业银行
WhatkindofanimalsisAnnaaskedtolookafter?
最新回复
(
0
)