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  3. We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals to

We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals to

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问题    We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not.
   The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
   Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
   One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
According to Paragraph 3, the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that _____.
选项 A、they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B、the sweetener was poisonous to them
C、their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D、they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
答案C
解析 事实细节题。根据文章第三段：心理能够改变免疫功能的最令人吃惊的例子就是Ader的实验。通过实验，Ader认为他已成功地使老鼠形成了一种条件反射，只要用糖精就能削弱老鼠的免疫功能，并足以杀死它们。因为在实验中，老鼠将腹痛与糖精联系起来，再次看到糖精时，老鼠的心理变化破坏了它们的免疫系统，并导致了它们的死亡。C项与文中所表达的意思一致。
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